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Hawaii Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hawaii - Research Paper Example The islands present an assortment of highlights from volcanic ejections to frigid highlights on Mauna Kea...

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Music is good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music is good - Essay Example Music is very important. Whenever I feel stressed up and incapable of moving on, music has always been a tool for self-consolation and encouragement. Moreover, music offers best motivational tool when doing certain works. As can be proved, the sounds and rhythms triggered by various forms of music can drive one into dancing that mainly involves the multidirectional movement of the body parts. These movements help in maintaining physical, emotional and psychological fitness that are good for healthy living. Training in music requires extra commitment and punctuality that in turn demands good organization of individual’s programs. Adherence to these demands automatically helps in developing self-discipline in the individual musician. In conclusion, music is an essential component of societal life as it majorly targets at shaping societies in more positive manner. Music has the required potentials of helping an individual child develop quick and perfect linguistic skills. Recurrent exposure to various sounds and tones of music helps in nurturing the cognitive development of an individual child as it enhances listening, speaking and reading skills of an individual listener. Music is also consolatory tool especially when individuals undergo stress and emotional discord. Music is also vital motivational tool especially when individuals perform various types of work. Music makes has the potential of making otherwise difficult tasks appear easy as it stimulates concentration and happiness.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Effects Of Nuclear Power On American Society Politics Essay

Effects Of Nuclear Power On American Society Politics Essay The issue of nuclear power has always been at the center of attention and public dispute, especially nowadays with the energy crisis and the limited fossil fuels. It is mainly countries within the western system, such as the US, the UK and France that have acquired the technology to support nuclear power.  [1]  American society and identity have been shaped by a self-portrait of super-power that keeps the order.  [2]  Nuclear power has been one of the most powerful weapons that consolidated American identity and established her as the big power of the world. During the Second World War American power was shown to the world with the testing of the first A-bomb. During the Cold-War era the USA competed with the USSR and Great Britain, as to who had the best and nuclear weapons and plants as part of the deterrence doctrine.  [3]   Today nuclear energy is spreading and the USA is thought of as its motherland with the largest number of plants in the world. America presents its need for nuclear power with emphasis on the words security and economic leadership: To maintain our economic leadership and strengthen our energy security America must start building nuclear power plants [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Your industry has come a long way during the recent decades and I am confident that greater progress lies ahead. By expanding our use of nuclear power we can make energy supply more reliable, our environment cleaner and our nation more secure for future generations. May God bless you all.  [4]  There is a massive debate about how safe production of energy from nuclear power is and if it is worth the financial and environmental cost. Emblematic is the Three Mile Island Plant that was at the same time both a failure and a success story as it recovered from the accident when President Carter visited the station and conti nues to operate efficiently to the day. The question this essay poses is: To what extent does nuclear power affect American Identity? In this essay I will set out to look into the ways that nuclear power has affected, and is affecting, American society. How this technological society has accepted its nuclear future and how nuclear power is becoming the new emblem of the New American Dream as part of an energy-autonomous and sustained America. . Emblematic is the Three Mile Island Plant that was at the same time both a failure and a success story as it recovered from the accident when President Carter visited the station and continues to operate efficiently to the day with a license extension until 2034.  [5]   Three Mile Island  [6]  today Main Body The New Energy Regime and the New American Dream The World today suffers from economic, climate and energy crisis. The energy crisis is a major global problem since fossil fuels in general are limited and do not constitute renewable sources, as do solar energy and wind. However, extracting and storing solar and wind energy is not considered very efficient. Therefore nuclear energy, as supported by many scientists is a way to solve this crisis. The research about nuclear power started in the 1940s for military purposes and more specifically for the atomic bomb, which was based on the chemical process, which is called nuclear fission. The first nuclear power station was founded in the 1950s. U.S. power plant performance has steadily improved in the past 20 years. The USA is the performance leader among the other countries that produce electricity from nuclear energy. Twelve out of the twenty-five top reactors in the whole world are American. Moreover, especially after the establishment of hydroelectric plants, the cost of production of electrical power with nuclear energy is cheaper than the cost of petrol and CO2. Howeve the cost of construction  [7]  , investments for security and technology (which are not always reliable) are immense making the actual cost of effective nuclear power a burden for society.  [8]  Investors consider the high capital costs and the risks of decommissioning cancellations making federal loan guarantees an economically safer option.  [9]  This means that funding basically comes from tax collection. For 10 years now, lobbyists favoring a renaissance in building new U.S. reactors have been lining up financial help from taxpayers. They need this help because these new reactors are far more expensive than other ways of generating or saving electricity. Consequently, private investors wont take the risk of losing a lot of money.  [10]  [delete?[The question is, if the cost is too high, is it socially beneficial?]] The basic argument for the new energy regime, for this very important shift in energy dependence, is climate change. Focusing on the environmental hazards that oil poses while stressing advantages of nuclear power answers well with the American public and its identity as a clean and progressive society. This was evident with the positive response to the documentary Inconvenient Truth that spread ecological consciousness all over the country. Furthermore, taking into consideration that America is a technological society, a society that cannot function without winning  [11]  technology, the combination of clean technological championship makes it self an appealing part of the New American Dream  [12]  , as David Crane puts it a carbon-free American Dream  [13]   Crane: [W]hat I call the Gore Approach [is] based on self-denial: Lets all go back to living without air conditioning and to drying our clothes on the clothes line. Theres another option, though: the Schwarzenegger Approach. Its the American Dream, but its the carbon-free American Dream. SPIEGEL ONLINE: What do you mean by that? Crane: Hes like, I want to drive my Hummer and fly my Gulfstream 4, I just dont want them to produce any greenhouse gas I think its very difficult to get the American people to engage in self-denial. Its just not the American way. The American way is based on consumption. You dont want to change the American way of life, you just want to show them a better way to get there, and nuclear power is a key part of that. The first breakthrough for nuclear power was the connection with global warming. President Barack Obamas speech also finds recurring words in American discourse that point the publics attention to a better life with the right to consumption in an open future of a new world of abundance: To create more of these clean energy jobs we need more production, more efficiency, more incentive. And that means building a new generation of safe, clean nuclear power plants in this country  [14]  (my italics) The American way then is that of Consumption and along those lines we observe a paradigm shift in the same pattern: from oil to nuclear. With the financial crisis nuclear power seems as a way re-invent the economy and the American Future. It is not only environmental concern but a need of energy-independence and the self-sustainability given by autonomy so as not to be dependent on other countries for energy provision: The road to global security lies in lessening our dependence on Middle East oil and making sure that all people on Earth have access to the energy they need to sustain life.  [15]  This passage among others reflects the new product within American society that will provide for all the basic luxuries of the American home through nuclear powered electricity and that will in turn be sold on to the rest of the world. [[Moreover, nuclear power holds a key to national safety by threats from the East which lead American opinion into feeling safer knowing that the country holds the leading nuclear power in the world.]] Environment, Health and Hazards Among the advantages of nuclear energy is that it has much less organic gas emissions than carbon. As far as pollution is concerned, air pollution in the case of the nuclear reactor is minute as opposed to oil and CO2, while nuclear waste takes up much less volume. Nuclear stations however show high thermal pollution especially in the summer season when demand is higher and droughts challenge the capacity.  [16]  There is the risk of radioactive pollution in the case of an accident or leak, not to mention that most plants are situated on rivers for cooling purposes. Not much has been said about the dangers connected to water contamination and its flow into inhabited areas. Nuclear energy might be more friendly to the environment however it is certainly not green, as mentioned by scientist and writer Conrad Miller, MD  [17]  . Radioactive waste, which is a product of the nuclear process, is dangerous to humans, animals and plants.  [18]  According to Miller If you stand th ree feet away [from radioactive waste] for ten seconds it will kill you.  [19]  One very important fact is that the harm of radioactive waste can last from 240,000 to 480,000 years.  [20]  Research has shown that such waste is a cause of many types of cancer and also genetic paramorphosis due to the emitted radiation. In fact babies located near plants have been found to have strontium-90 contaminant in their teeth.  [21]   Waste disposal is of the major problems that advocates of nuclear energy have to face since there is no actual solution at the moment. The Yucca Mountain that is currently used for waste is a problematic area and most of the plants keep waste on site.  [22]   The possibility of an accident is another danger posed by the use of nuclear energy. A possible meltdown could be caused by faults in the reactors or of course by a simple human error. Moreover, if the control rods happen not to function perfectly, then we will be faced with an uncontrollable chain reaction; namely a nuclear bomb. This was the case with the well-known Chernobyl incident.  [23]   American discourse stresses the limitations in security and maintenance of the Chernobyl Power Plant, implying the advantages of American high security and the notion that such accidents could not occur. However, accidents did occur, four of which took place in the U.S.  [24]  One of these incidents took place in March 1979 at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, which is near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  [25]  . It has been characterised as the worst nuclear accident in American history according to the documentary Meltdown at Three Mile Island (1999).  [26]  Problems in the function of the cooling system caused automatically an immediate shut down of the reactor.  [27]  Consequently, there arose a public relations crisis  [28]  . Finally after numerous actions the temperature dropped stabilizing the core. Great contradiction characterizes this incident, as there was the question of political image at stake. Washington D.C could not decide whether to evacuate or not. The public grew anxious with the limited evacuation that was ordered and the contradictory suggestions by the scientists. President Jimmy Carter was invited to the site six days after the incident to cool down public opinion and agitation, marking the end of the crisis, despite the fact that radioactive water rested on the floor of the facility. The core meltdown was denied it ever happened. However, in 1982 a camera was placed inside the core that showed severe damage, with 50% of the core having been melted down. It turns out that 20 tons of melted uranium reached the pressure vessel making it a core meltdown, no question about it.  [29]   The book written in 1982 by Philip L. Cantelon and Robert C. Williams about the incident, entitled Crisis Contained, The Department of Energy at Three Mile Island, is the official history of the Department of Energys role during the accident. The book among other things says that there were no city-evacuation plans and if there were, they were soon abandoned. It is claimed that there was no evacuation but a weekend exodus based on what government officials and the media imagined might happen. On Friday confused communications created the politics of fear.  [30]  The insistence to disprove any evacuation plans shows that primary concerns are public relations rather than extreme precaution with whatever the cost on the image. We can therefore see how nuclear plants have become a signifier of American advance and images of infallibility. In February 1st, 2010 the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant suffered an accident when underground pipes deteriorated causing a leak of radioactive tritium into the groundwater supplies.  [31]  [change source?]This made drinking water poisonous for use, thus affecting all living organisms in the area. The Vermont Yankee officials claimed that tritium did not reach the water. The cleanup was still in progress when another leak was found of a more potent radioactive isotope, strontium-90, linked to causes of cancer.  [32]  On the 29th of May, contaminated water was found (containing 13 different radioactive substances) coming from a pipe near the hole that was dug to clear up the initial leak. [delete?[The Entergy Nuclear officials had given misleading information about the existence of underground pipes that were indeed the cause of the leak and contamination of the area.  [33]  This shows how power plants are not as safe or highly preserved as the government wants to emphasize, while the officials go out of their way to mislead and misinform. In addition to the health and environmental hazard the repeated leaks and the cleanup cost 10 million dollars, which the government pays as guarantee of the government-industry partnership and for which it taxes the citizens. Although Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant had been given permission for extension in operation for 20 years after 2012 after the incident a resolution was passed to block the operations. The owners still pressure to have another vote in order to get the permission for the extension. During 2010 protests took place to prevent the passing of the vote, while citizens have been active in the area to influence a shut down of the plant since 1979.  [34]  ]] There are a lot of scientists who are in favour of nuclear energy. Patrick Moore chairman and chief scientist of Greenspirit Strategies Ltd with Christine Todd Whitman are co-chairs of a new industry-funded initiative, the Clean and Safe Energy Coalition that supports the nuclear energy renaissance. Patrick Moore published an article in the 16th April 2006 arguing that although back in the 1970s he was totally against nuclear energy, the past 30 years have changed his views. [delete?[He empowers his position by saying that US CO2 emissions are at a rate of 36% produced by coal-fired electric plants, while 103 nuclear reactors produce 20% of Americas electricity with zero C02 gas emissions]]. As he reports the public response to nuclear power plants is welcoming. Eighty percent of residents within the range of 10 miles from nuclear plants support them, workers not included in this number.  [35]   Politics Moore believes that the dangers of nuclear power are very small in the USA. He commented the will of Iran to have nuclear energy by saying: And although I dont want to underestimate the very real dangers of nuclear technology in the hands of rogue states, we cannot simply ban every technology that is dangerous.  [36]  This somewhat contradictory statement shows how the West has assumed the right to advanced nuclear technologies with, while other states are not qualified enough to do so as they do not belong in the Western canon. Professor of International Politics Keith Krausse has pointed out how, after the Cold War, the communist threat was replaced by the threat of the rogue states in order to fill in the threat vacuum that justifies many sinister actions and the presence of nuclear proliferation.  [37]  Moore supports that things have changed since the time of the Cold War when everything linked to nuclear power seemed to be catastrophic for the whole world. However, as K rausse shows this is not the case, especially when it is American governmental discourse that tries to equate nuclear power in the hands of the rogue states with weapons of mass destruction. American foreign policy and public relations still rest on the deterrence doctrine to maintain a super power image and continue to use military and nuclear resources. US policy-making reflects the aspects that define a society and affect it in ways that will support strategy and its validity. Therefore, US society and self-definition as a major nuclear power (that can defy the Non-proliferation treaty for security) can verify the actions of the state and place the norms for the global structure of international relations. More importantly, Krausse points out that the shaping of the new discourse of danger can justify todays existence of high technology military and nuclear forces that were already existent during the Cold War and continued to be of use in the modern era as a basis for the energy project. There would have been an economic and power vacuum if these resources were not taken advantage of.  [38]  If after the end of the Cold War there was no re-use of all the nuclear resources and discourses in relation to power and enemies of the state, then there would have been a drastic change in the character of the American society.  [39]   Public Opinion and the The Generational Change, 1970s vs 2000s [delete?too strong?[ The economic requirement for the protection of major capital investments is a more demanding constraint than public acceptance  [40]   Before observing how nuclear opposition during the 70s became minute in the 2000s one should question whether it matters at all. For example, legislation on safety issues and nuclear plants as John F. Ahearne indicates gives power to the legal system making decisions about public interest whereby with regard to public participation the majoritys decision effectively denied public an opportunity to participate further in a regulatory process on a significant safety matter.  [41]  ]] A very recent poll conducted in the USA by Bisconti Research Inc. in March 2010 shows that American citizens support nuclear energy. The graph bellow will illustrate in general the opinion that American citizens annually have since 1983. As we can observe 2010 is the year of the highest percentage of public support for nuclear power (74%). More specifically 33% percent out of 74% strongly support nuclear energy, while only the 10% is strongly against. The ratio is 1 to 3. The time when there was the greatest objection to nuclear energy was 1986-1987. It is obvious that this is due to the Chernobyl accident. Since 1988 public opinion has turned in favor of nuclear energy with an increasing rate.  [42]  The survey also shows that more than 72% of the people questioned, agreed to solutions which nuclear energy gives to reduce greenhouse gasses emission. This survey is entitled Public Support for Nuclear Energy at Record High. These figures show how America is becoming a nuclear society with a smashing 70% favoring the building of new plants. [delete?[What is not clear is whether the public perceives the implied future scale of dependence on nuclear energy and the social and ethical implications.  [43]  ]] A survey conducted by Nelkin and Fallows in 1978  [44]  on public opinion and nuclear energy reveals the ways in which the government and nuclear corporations tried to appease the growing opposition that characterized the 1970s. The government to respond somehow to this pressure tries to reduce conflict, win public acceptance and renew faith in governmental authority [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] necessary for continued progress and prosperity  [45]  Indeed as Yarrow shows in his article Selling a New Vision of America to the World during the 1950s onwards the words prosperity, progress and abundance entered all ranks and sections of American society.  [46]  Being the envy of the world with visions of a fabulous future, economics, wealth and consumption became the basic approach to the public mind.  [47]   Nuclear energy was of course a major part of that economic and technological superiority aligned with the abundance that characterized American life. During the 1970s the industry was accused to have conducted an unbalanced campaign for nuclear energy, stressing the hot issue of employment and economic growth, therefore appealing with the promise of jobs and downplaying practical concerns such as safety, nuclear waste and possible contamination.  [48]  Today the same concerns about employment and prosperity trouble society in order to maintain the American standard of living. As Crane points out in his interview with Spiegel Magazine, there is a generational change that accounts for high numbers supporting nuclear power. The new generation does not remember the big accidents, You basically have to be 45 or 50 years old in the US to remember Three Mile Island SPIEGEL ONLINE: You mean to say that people are beginning to forget about the dangers of nuclear power? Crane: There is a perception that the American public is ready for nuclear. Its a combination of things, and one of them is generational change. The overriding concern in this country, just like in Europe, is global warming. The 1970s Opposition warned about the long-term consequences that are implied with the formation of nuclear society. The massive security measures meant and of course still mean giving up civil liberties for scrutiny and surveillance as a precaution to potential nuclear terrorism.  [49]   Public Awareness It is interesting to look into new power discourses that inform public opinion concerning nuclear projects. An article in The Times July 10, 2006 was headlined Danger from radiation is exaggerated say scientists. This article announces the documentary Horizon: Nuclear Nightmares  [50]  that incidentally or even conveniently came out the same week that the government was to announce the start of a new generation of atomic plants. The Times article and the documentary in question, hold that nuclear danger and the Chernobyl legacy is over exaggerated, while low levels of radioactivity may even be beneficial.  [51]  The documentary attributes sickness after the accident not so much to radioactive contamination but to the fear that was harnessed after the Chernobyl incident; namely an emission of fear and hypochondria rather than radioactivity. The number of the direct and indirect victims is suspiciously reduced while the 4,000 cases of childrens thyroid cancer attributed to the Chernobyl incident are here reduced to 9. The animals that were tested in the area were found to have low radiation levels on their skins, but the evolutionary background of humans and weasels differs greatly. A letter of complaint was sent on December 2008 by Richard Bramhall of the Low Level Radiation Campaign to the chairman of the BBC Trust, proving that the documentary was scientifically illiterate and had a biased stance on Chernobyl  [52]  making it a piece of propaganda. Bramhall accuses the documentary for distorting the Chernobyl Forum Report while the Report it self provides no basis for the statements of the so-called radiophobia that is to account for the overloading of the health system.  [53]  The lack of scientific understanding and objectivity makes the whole project subject to heavy criticism. The only conclusion that can be drawn is that the power discourses need to eradicate any opposition and concerns about nuclear power (since the promise that no accidents will ever happen cannot be sustained), in order to enter smoothly into a new nuclear era with all the consequences that this entails: Advertising the benefits of an activity increases public acceptance of a greater level of risk.  [54]  Nuclear energy is advocated as source of autonomy, development and prosperity, giving employment, economic, scientific and political opportunities the characteristics of the new American Dream needed to come out of the current recession years. Media and government promote that nuclear energy is used for environmental purposes leaving out the option of soft-technology and renewable resources. Moreover, the fact that uranium is an exhaustible source that will become harder to extract, therefore more expensive and a source of conflict in the future (just as oil has) is not something frequently mentioned. If the public is presented with nuclear power as the only feasible solution that brings about positive effects then it is not surprising that the percentages in support have risen. Realistic Solutions Nuclear energy does have its assets, and either way, this form of energy has come here to stay due to the massive investments that have taken place over the years. What seems as a better solution is Adm. Bowmans proposition for recycling.  [55]  Since nuclear fuel does not take up too much space, Bowman suggests that the waste should be removed from the neighborhoods and be consolidated in centralized locations away from the public for precautionary reasons. He is careful not to imply that their current locations are dangerous, but not preferable nonetheless. He suggests that the problems of disposal should be reevaluated and that investments should be employed in recycling nuclear plants, in order to recover vast unused energy in the fuel, reduce waste volume and radio-toxicity that mother earth must absorb.  [56]  Currently, 95% of the energy content is being thrown away, which can be exploited and at the same time remove the earths heat load. Bowman argues that since Ameri ca has 300 nuclear plants it is a feasible vision to construct at least one deep geologic repository that will prove more beneficia

Friday, October 25, 2019

Slavery and The Corruption of Southern Belles in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas :: essays research papers

â€Å"But alas! This is kind heart but had but a short time remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced its infernal work. That cheerful eye, under the influences of slavery, soon became red with rage, that voice, made all of sweet accord, changed to one of harsh and horrid discord, and that angelic face gave place to that of a demon.† (Douglas 19) This is how Frederick Douglas describes the change in his former mistress, Sophia Auld, as slavery corrupted her whole way of life. From this excerpt we can see that people can change profoundly for the negative. The question is what could possess one to change so radically when given power over another human being. Prior to the mistress’ change, Frederick Douglas, author of The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas (1995) describes her as â€Å"a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings.† (19) This brings us to one of Douglas’ motifs of how slavery can carry a fatal poison that if one possess’ can change their outsight to life. This poison affects some people more then others. For example, if one compares all of Douglas’ slave owners, it is easy to see that those born into a slave holding family are less likely to become as cruel as those marrying into that way of life. Auld did not convert to an evil lifestyle overnight, in fact, she was the key to Frederick Douglas’ education. Auld was a religious woman and often read from the bible aloud, when little Douglas asked her to teach him to read she did not object. After some time Douglas had learned the alphabet and a few short words but soon all that would end when Mr. Auld discovered the unlawful lessons taking place in his house. Furious, Mr. Auld forbade his wife to teach Douglas anymore on account of believing that learning â€Å"would make him [Douglas] discontented, unmanageable, and unhappy.† (20) From then on instead of seeing Douglas as a person Sophia Auld saw him as a piece of property, Was it Mrs. Auld that changed herself or was it the pressure from her husband to learn the slaveholding techniques? It’s possible that she was afraid of her husband to the point where she was scared to disobey him, yet it was not her fault that she was not aware of the laws against the teaching of slaves.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Final Exam Study Guide Fall Semester 2012 Essay

Why is it said that the U.S. has a dual court system? There is a federal judicial system and 50 state court systems. What is the meaning of the concept of jurisdiction? A court has the right to hear a particular type of case. What is the meaning of the doctrine of â€Å"presumption of validity?† Courts must assume that, unless the burden of the evidence is clearly to the contrary, legislatures would not enact or executives sign into law measures which violate the constitution. What is the meaning of the term â€Å"stare decisis?†? Legal term meaning let the decision stand. Establishes precedents stand unless overruled. Judges may overrule if they have compelling reasons to establish new precedents. What is the difference between a misdemeanor and a felony? An anti-social conduct that is relatively minor is called a misdemeanor. A felony is a disorderly conduct that is more severe. What happens in the event of a conflict between a state law and a Federal law or a state law and a U.S. treaty? Federal law overrides state law any day. What is meant by â€Å"judicial activism?† Interpretation of the constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decision. â€Å"Judicial self-restraint?† a self-imposed limitation on judicial decision making How are Federal judges chosen? Federal judges are nominated by the president and voted on by the senate. What is the term of a Federal judge? Term ends when justice dies. Why has the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee come under fire for the manner in which it â€Å"screens† appointees to the U.S. Supreme Court? Justices are declined if they politically go against the senate. Why did the committee reject Judge Robert Bork as a Supreme Court justice? He did not politically agree with the democratic run senate. What does it mean that Senators Joe Biden, Ted Kennedy and Howard Metzenbaum â€Å"borked† a Supreme Court nominee? They voted against a justice because of their political party. What was the nature of the political uproar over the nomination of Clarence Thomas to be a Supreme Court justice? He was accused of sexual assault. Who is Anita Hill? A law professor who accused Clarence Thomas of sexual assault. What are the provisions of Article III of the U.S. Constitution regarding the Federal judiciary? It establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. It establishes jurisdiction between the courts based on subject matter or the nature of the parties. It declares that the power of judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court. There is no specific provision anywhere in article III giving Federal courts the power of judicial review. What was the importance of Marbury v. Madison? The case that established judicial review. What is judicial review? Review by the Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act. What, if anything, can be done to overturn a U.S. Supreme Court decision? Nothing can be done unless it involves amending the constitution, or if the court rules on something that contradicts a previous ruling. Who controls the Supreme Court’s docket? The supreme court itself does. What is the â€Å"rule of four?† The supreme court only hears cases if it grants a writ of certiorari. Where consent of four justices are given. What is a writ of certiorari? A common law writ issued by a superior court to one of inferior jurisdiction demanding the record of a particular case. What is the primary role of the U.S. Court of Appeals? To hear and dispose of the vast majority of cases appealed from the district courts. What are U.S. District Courts? General trial courts of the united states federal court system that hears both civil and criminal cases. When would a Federal District Court have jurisdiction in a case? If a case involved crimes against the united states, suits under national laws involving use of the mails, patent, copyright, trademark and other such technical matters and civil rights laws. What is the difference between a â€Å"petit† and a â€Å"grand† jury? Petit juries have 12 members who decide, based on evidence, if the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Grand juries indict people. Its functions is to decide if the government has a case or not. How are they chosen? Through a jury pool from those serving jury duty. What are their respective functions? To decide if the government has a case, and to decide if the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Also if a person has won or lost a lawsuit. How do cases reach the U.S. Supreme Court? Through appellate and original jurisdiction. Mostly from appeals though sent from the court of appeals. Under what limited circumstances may the U.S. Supreme Court exercise original jurisdiction? When it accepts a suit if it feels a compelling reason to do so. Who determines the appellate jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court? What are some of the political and ideological considerations involved in U.S. Supreme Court appointments? Generally their party affiliation and how they interpret the constitution. Does race, gender, religion, ethnicity matter in a President’s nomination of a Supreme Court justice? Yes. Who are the present nine justices of the U.S. Supreme Court? What are their backgrounds? John G. Roberts Jr., Antonin Scalia, Anthony M. Kennedy, Clearance Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Steven G. Breyer, Samuel Anthony Alito Jr., Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan. RELIGION Why did the authors of the Bill of Rights put religious freedom first in the First Amendment? It is more of an article of peace. It was mainly to remove religion from politics. What are the â€Å"wall of separation† and â€Å"accommodationist† positions on the Establishment Clause? Wall of separation believes that church and state should be entirely separated. No affiliation between the two. Accommodationists believe that no religion should be favored, but all should be accommodated. Why have Americans had fewer problems with the â€Å"Free Exercise† Clause than with the â€Å"Establishment† Clause? Free Exercise clauses are only in effect if the religions practices don’t get in the way of any laws. Establishment clauses include clauses that excuse kids from school to go to church, this was very controversial because atheist children were left out. Much more controversy in establishment clauses. What are some of the issues raised by groups like the Amish (Wisconsin v. Yoder), Jehovah’s Witnesses and other religious minorities regarding interpretation of the â€Å"Free Exercise† Clause? These allowed laws to be bent for people of certain religions. Wisconsin v. Yoder allows Amish children to be excused from school at 8th grade vs. the age 16. Jehovah’s Witnesses are allowed to be exempt from the draft due to their pacifism. Why did the U.S. Supreme Court rule against prayer in the public schools in the New York Regents prayer case (Engel v. Vitale, 1962)? It was said that New York could not write prayers. It is unconstitutional to do so. What was the nature of Madalyn Murray’s objections to the Maryland school prayer/Bible readings law? Her son was left out. Also she was athiest and she viewed the bible as merely a storybook. Why did the Schempp family object to the Pennsylvania law? They felt it was in direct violation of the establishment clause in the first amendment, also it theologically went against the Schempp’s Unitarian views. What did the Supreme Court rule in the companion Murray-Schempp decision of 1963? It ruled 8-1 striking down both the Pennsylvania and Maryland laws requiring prayer. Under what circumstances may students have prayer at their high school graduation ceremonies? As long as it’s student-led and is non-sectarian. May students form prayer and Bible study groups and use public school facilities for their meetings? Yes. What was the Equal Access Act of 1984? It required public secondary schools to allow religious groups to meet on school property if other groups exist. Even if one group is allowed to use the facilities, the school becomes a limited open forum where all groups can use the facilities. What did the Court rule when it was challenged in the 1990 Mergens case? 8-1 upholding the law. May public college officials deny use of campus facilities to religious groups for Bible study and prayer meetings? No, it is discriminatory. One of the most controversial areas is that of â€Å"parochiaid,† or state aid of various types to parochial schools. What three-part test did the Supreme Court devise in Lemon v. Kurtzman? It was called the Lemon Test where there must be a secular purpose rather than a religious purpose, the law cannot advance or inhibit religion, and government cannot be entangled in it. What was the fate of the law, challenged in Lemon, authorizing partial payment (secular subjects only) of teachers’ salaries in parochial schools? It was stricken down. May state and local school districts finance bus rides for children attending non-public schools (Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township, NJ, 1947)? Yes. What is the â€Å"child benefit theory?† The law aids the school child rather than a particular religious group. What did the Court rule in June, 2002, in the landmark Cleveland, Ohio, School Voucher Reform Case, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris? It held that 5-4 that Cleveland program did not offend the establishment clause. Can public school students, on parental request, be released from class to attend religion classes, conducted on public school property, during the school day, where the program is supervised by public school administrators (McCullom v. Champaign, Ill., Board of Education)? No, it is not viewed to be abiding by separation of church and state laws. Can students, on parental request, be dismissed from classes to attend churches or synagogues, as part of a program of religious education in public schools (Zorach v. Clauson)? Yes. Under what circumstances are courts likely to uphold or declare unconstitutional nativity displays on public property at Christmas time? Whether or not other religious symbols are there to balance it, also secular symbols like Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. What did the Supreme Court rule in Donnelly v. Lynch? It upheld the nativity scene on the basis that both religious and secular symbols. County of Allegheny, Pa. v. ACLU? The court concluded that the nativity scene with the words â€Å"glory in the highest† was promoting Christian religion, but the menorah was okay. In the area of free exercise of religion, can children of Jehovah’s Witnesses be expelled from public schools for refusal to salute the American flag? Yes. Why do the Witnesses object to flag salutes or standing for the national anthem? They believe it violates one of the 10 commandments. What did our highest court rule in Minersville, Pa., School District v. Gobitis? 8-1 stating that one could not refuse to pledge allegiance to the flag. West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette? The court reversed itself, saying it was okay to excuse one’s self from saluting the flag or standing at the national anthem due to religious beliefs. How did the Supreme Court broaden the rights of conscientious objectors during the Vietnam War? It allowed any passifists who were against not only one war, but all wars to be exempt from the draft rather than just religious passifists. What did the Court rule in the Seeger, Welsh and Gillette cases? Seeger ruled that a belief in a traditional God or religion was unnecessary in order to be exempt. Welsh held that humanistic conviction was equivalent to religion. In Gillette held that one must be opposed to all wars in order to be exempt. What did the Court hold in the Mormon polygamy case (Reynolds v. U.S.)? They ruled against it. Polygamy is illegal in Utah. Why did the Roberts Court grant a religious exemption from some civil rights laws in Hossana-Tabor v. E.E.O.C. (2012)? The separation between church and state allows this. EXPRESSION (SPEECH AND PRESS) There are a number of theories about how the First Amendment’s free speech and press guarantees ought to be interpreted. What is the â€Å"absolutist view,† held by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the late Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas? They rejected line-drawing, what the law says goes in a literal sense. â€Å"when it says no law, it means no law. The â€Å"two-tier theory,† associated with the late political philosopher Alexander Meiklejohn? The press may say anything about the government. The â€Å"line-drawing† position, held by most judges? Establishing a number of standards to guide them between permissible and impermissible forms of free expression. What is meant by the â€Å"preferred freedoms† concept? First amendment freedoms should be given potential treatment by the court because they are essential in a democratic society. What is â€Å"commercial speech?† Speech done on behalf of an individual or a co mpany in order to produce a profit. Why did John Stuart Mill oppose censorship in his classic work, On Liberty? John Stuart Mill believes that the majority should not always influence the minority because if the majority is wrong, then the truth goes unheard, but if the majority is right, then the minority doesn’t understand why they are wrong. What is the argument against the suppression of ideas that we find not only unpopular, but even hateful? All ideas must be allowed, even if those ideas are sexist, racist, or angering. If, as judges say, the line must be drawn somewhere and free expression is not an absolute value, then what guidelines have they used to draw that line? Anything can be said, even violent things, as long as there is no evidence of intention to commit lawless acts. The right to swing your arms ends right as my nose begins. What is the â€Å"clear and present danger doctrine† (Schenck v. U.S.)? Enacted during WWI which created the Espionage act, where nobody could say anything that interfered with allied war efforts like encouraging young men to dodge the draft, or any other armed forces recruiting. The â€Å"evil tendency test† (Gitlow v. New York )? The government does not protect the expression which created a tendency toward illegal actions. The â€Å"clear and probable danger test† (Dennis v. U.S.)? The law prohibited the advocacy to overthrow the U.S. government and the conspiracy as well. What did the Supreme Court rule in the Smith Act cases of the 1950s? it is illegal to violently overthrow a government. 70 communists were convicted after this was established. What was the significance of Yates v. U.S.? Mere theoretical advocacy to overthrow the U.S. government by force and violence was a judicially protected right. What is the difference between liberty and license? Liberty means freedom under law ( the right to do something as long as nobody is hurt.) License is an abuse of liberty( such as libelous publication or slanderous speech). What is meant by the doctrine of â€Å"no prior restraint† on publication? A doctrine that states that published material does not have to be pre-screened in order to be published and viewed by the public. What was the significance of Near v. Minnesota? The court ruled that the press gag law was unconstitutional due to the fact that it restricts freedom of the press. New York Times-Washington Post v. U.S.? These newspapers published pentagon papers that were a study of the U.S. decision making in the Vietnam War. It embarrassed the President and the government. This resulted in the lifting of the district court’s restraining order on the press due to the failure to prove that publication of the documents jeopardized national security. How and when can First Amendment values collide with those of the Sixth Amendment? The right of the defendant in a criminal case to a fair trial by an impartial jury of his or her peers. Sometimes, judges have concluded, the press has cond ucted trial by newspaper. What are restrictive orders, called â€Å"gag orders† by the media? The court’s force of the media to withhold certain information from being published for varying circumstances that may hinder a current court case or could cause damage to someone’s (possibly the government’s) reputation What steps can trial judges take to protect the rights of the accused? Through â€Å"right to reply laws†, closing court rooms to the media, and implementing gag orders on certain subjects. Do reporters enjoy a â€Å"privileged† relationship with their sources? The supreme court says no, but there are shield laws that allows reporters to withhold certain information. What is the meaning of the phrase â€Å"burning the source?† Giving up the identity of a journalist’s source so that person can be questioned in court. Can reporters be held in contempt of court and jailed for refusal to turn over notes, tapes, or to offer testimony when so ordered (Branzburg v. Hayes)? Yes What, in theory, is the problem with â€Å"shield laws?† Some believe that it is a mistake to let the government grant immunity, this implies that the state can also withdrawal it. Can judges close their courtrooms to the press and public during preliminary proceedings (Gannett v. DePasquale)? Yes. Can judges close down a trial itself, excluding media and public (Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia)? No, the right to attend criminal trials is implicit in the grantee of the first amendment. Do television cameras in the courtroom prevent the defendant from receiving a fair trial? Sometimes, in the pre-trial stage, the jury is permeated with information about the case that will not allow a fair trial. What did the Supreme Court rule in Estes v. Texas and Chandler v. Florida? The overturning of the swindling conviction of petitioner Billy Sol Estes, holding that his 14th Amendment due process rights were violated by the publicity associated with the pretrial hearing. For Chandler v. Florida Canon cameras and electronic media are permitted in the judicial proceedings subject to the control of the presiding judge. When are TV cameras permitted in the courtroom today? Always, but it can be taken away by the presiding judge’s accord. What is the situation with respect to Federal courts? Cameras are not allowed in federal courts. Do political candidates have the â€Å"right to reply† to editorial attacks by the media? Yes. What happened to the Florida law giving them such a right when it was challenged in Miami Herald v. Tornillo? It was immediately stricken down because a newspaper involves a â€Å"crucial process† of editorial judgment that may not be regulated by the state. What is meant by â€Å"symbolic free expression?† Expressing ideas by silent, non-verbal communication. What did the Supreme Court rule in the draft-card burning case (O’Brien v. U.S.)? It was criminally illegal. Tinker v. Des Moines? Wearing black arm-bands in protest of Vietnam could not be outlawed because this form of expression is silent and caused little disruption. Do Americans have the right to burn the flag? Currently, Yes. What did the Supreme Court rule in Texas v. Johnson? It is legal free speech to desecrate a flag. U.S. v. Eichman? Flag desecration is a form of constitutional free speech. What was the fate of the Flag Protection Amendment? It fell 1 vote short with 66 for and 34 against. Only 3 republicans opposed it. How did Senators Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton vote on the measure? They both opposed the amendment. What are â€Å"fighting words?† Inflammatory speech inviting violence, which are not protected by the 1st and 14th amendments. Calling a policeman a fascist is an example. What is â€Å"hate speech?† Speech that arouses anger, alarm, and resentment toward others on the basis of race, gender, creed, color, and religion. What did the Court decide in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992) and Virginia v. Black (2003)? Supreme court ruled that the city statute against cross burning is unconstitutional, it interferes with free speech rights. For Virginia v. Black, the court ruled that making a law against cross burning is not unconstitutional, but cross burning cannot be considered prima facie evidence of intent to discriminate. What did the Supreme Court rule in Snyder v. Phelps in 2011? Speech on the sidewalk about a public issue cannot be liable for a tort of emotional distress, even if the speech is outrageous. Court ruled 8-1 about it. Should free speech include the right to carry signs reading â€Å"God Hates Fags,† â€Å"Thank God for Dead Soldiers,† â€Å"Thank God for 9-11?† No. Have some universities, such as the University of Michigan and University of Wisconsin, gone too far in banning offensive speech (ethnic and racial slurs), according to the Federal courts? Yes, they are in violation of the first amendment. What is libel? Libel is false printed or broadcast statements that intend to damage someone’s reputation. Slander? False statements made by someone looking to damage someone else’s reputation. What are the main elements which must be established to have â€Å"actionable libel?† defamation, identification, publication, and fault. What are the main defenses used by media in libel cases? That freedom of the press is paramount in a democratic society. What was the significance of New York Times v. Sullivan? It set a standard that one cannot sue a newspaper for libel unless one can address that he/she was the defamed party. What is â€Å"actual malice?† libelous remarks with knowledge that the remarks were false, or that there was lack of disregard on whether or not the remark was true. What is â€Å"hot news† (AP.v.Walker)? news that is current and controversial, but not always journalistically accurate. What is the â€Å"prudent publisher rule† (Butts v. Curtis Publishing Co.)? Publishers must follow the professional standards of journalism. This included verification of facts, particularly when the deadline is less than monumental. What part of the Bill of Rights guarantees American citizens â€Å"Freedom of Assembly?† First amendment.m Freedom of Association? First amendment. Can cities require permits for parades, sound trucks and demonstrations? Yes Under what circumstances? To ensure peace and tranquility. Why did the ACLU argue on behalf of the Nazis in the Skokie, Illinois, case? They believed the Nazi’s potential to incite violence among the Jewish community did not warrant oppression of the right to assemble. Why was the Roberts Court’s 2010 decision striking down part of the McCain-Feingold (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission) so controversial? It allowed corporations to fund ads and movies for and against presidential candidates. How did President Obama react to the decision? He was very mad. He said foreign businesses are going to be funding these commercials now. What impact has this decision had on American elections? It has allowed much more money to be spent on elections. Rich corporations could potentially control an election. What was the impact of the courts striking down the Arizona Citizens Clean Elections Act? It left a lot of people angry. Stating that it was meant to level the playing field, not restrict Free Speech. Those who opposed the law said in a democracy, campaigning is not supposed to be a game.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Kem Chicks Case Study

I. Time Context: 1985 II. Viewpoint: Bob Sadino, owner of Kem Group of business III. Major Policy Statement Kem Chicks is the best gourmet lifestyle supermarket in the Kemang area that serves upper and middle cosmopolitan customers delighting the customers through better product quality, delightful ambiance and display with depth of knowledge of specialty foods and products.IV. Statement of the ProblemHow will the Kem Chicks expand its supermarket by its own investment while sustaining its growing operations and without putting the quality of their products into a risk? V. Statement of ObjectivesLong-termTo maintain and develop a competitive position in the growing industry To formulate a strategy in order to gain economies scale for existing supermarkets. To occupy more than 1% of the supermarket space in Jakarta, Indonesia To increase the public awareness of Kems goal to be the â€Å"Meat People† To become the market leader in the national marketShort-term To give excellent service To improve services To establish a good rapport with the employees To provide goods or services that is cheap and affordable to consumers or the public To meet the needs of customers by constantly seeking and actin on their opinions regarding innovation, product quality, choice, store facilities and service VI. SWOT AnalysisStrengths (S) Weaknesses (W) Have valuable Human Assets Good personnel management Responds and caters the needs of immediate community. Offers First quality meat products The organization is leading Have a harmonious relationship between employer and employees Flexibility (Bob Sadino doesn’t have any problems, because he is flexible) They lack marketing strategies Unwillingness of Bob Sadino to know the important details of the financial information about the company Weak long-term strategic planning Difficulty with over-the-counter communication Lack of internal control No particular designation of job Opportunities (O) Threats (T) Acquisition of rival firms Diversification of the business Expansion of the business Customers’ word of mouth Declining price of oil Change in customers’ preferences Increasing in Bargaining Positions of the consumers, thus, resulting in the increased risks in capital expansion The investment risk is at high level Increasing competition Rising interest rates Natural calamities Government regulations, rules and policiesVII. Alternative Courses of ActionThe Kem Chicks case study given the facts that the best altenative for them to expand is to engage in franchising. This has been thoroughly studied by groups of individuals for Kem Chicks existing problem. Therefore, the  alternative courses of action will focus on the types of franchising alternatives.1. Product distribution 2. Product licensing 3. Enter into a franchising agreement called Entire Business Format franchising VIII. Analysis of Alternatives 1. Product DistributionIt is the simplest form of franchising contractual arrang ement in which Kem Chicks as the franchisor offers the franchisee the right to market Kem Chicks’ products in an essentially unchanged state within a designated market area. In return the franchisee would pay a fee to Kem Chicks AdvantagesDisadvantages Increase in sales volume of the parent company Will not cater development of KemChicks' internal management thus it does not support the supermarket as a whole.2. Product Licensing Arrangement Under this term, the franchisee would be offered almost the whole operation of the franchisor. The franchisee would have the right to manufacture or modify Kem Chicks in a certain area of distribution to maintain its standard product and service quality. Kem Chicks would exert tight control over the manufacturing and selling process and set and control specification. In return, the franchisee would pay a royalty and other fees.Advantages Disadvantages Either the franchisor or franchisee or both can have more benefits Improve its quality control policies Right to manufacture or modify Kem Chicks in a certain area of distribution No assurance of success Will pre-empt all important positions in the organization KemChics could lose control over the management of the business3. Enter into a franchising agreement called Entire Business Format franchising Under this arrangement, the franchisee would be an imitation of what the franchisor is. The franchisee would be offered the right to manufacture, to sell the product, to use the franchisor’s name of trademark and other symbols, management system, architecturedesign, and would be provided with supervision, a reporting system and management consultation. Kem Chicks would require certain initial fees, continuous fee based on sales (royalty), management fee, training and consultation fee, and a fee for design and reporting system. AdvantagesDisadvantagesKem Chicks will have full control of the business. Possibly have a chance to develop and to promote human resources Enables the franchisee to enter the industry without know-how and experience and it can hold out to them the chance of success while minimizing risks Security in the protection of the rights and property of the company Mistake of one franchisee will bear to the image of the companyIX. Decision StatementConsidering that the industry is reaching toward the peak of its growth phase, Kem Chicks faces tough competition with a limited choice of land and location. Also, an increasing bargaining position on the part of the shopper, each element of the key success factors should therefore not be neglected. Since the profitability of the investment in a new outlet is highly dependent on the level of sales and cost, each of the success of this investment.Therefore, we concluded that the best alternative solution to the problem is a to enter into a franchising type called entire business format franchising because of the following reasons: Franchisee operates exactly the same as franchisor beca use the entire franchise was provided by Kem Chicks. Kem Chicks will generate different types of income such as management fees, training fee, reporting system fee and other from the franchisee.The privacy of their field of expertise or specialty will be maintained by Kem Chicks on their own because under this type of franchise, Kem Chicks is the sole provider of all information and needs of the franchisee upon proper payment. X. Implementation ProgramIn order to materialize the said recommendation and just like the real process in the world of franchise, Kem Chicks should: 1. The franchise relationship is founded upon a contract, which should contain all the terms agreed upon. 2. The Kem Chicks must develop first a successful business format (the system), which is identified with a brand name, be it a trademark, service mark and/or trade name Kem Chicks must initiate and set a period wherein they will train the franchisee in the operation of the system prior to the opening of the b usiness so that the franchisee is equipped to run the business effectively and successfully.Kem Chicks must also assist with the opening. 4. After the business has opened, the franchisor must maintain a continuing business relationship with the franchisee to provide the franchisee with support in the operation of the business. 5. The franchisee is permitted, under the control of the franchisor, to operate under the branding and the business systems developed and owned by the franchisor and to benefit from the goodwill associated therewith. 6. The franchisee must bake a significant capital investment from own resources. XI. Proposed Business PoliciesManagement: Generate periodic computer reports for management information, such as reports showing the sales income, cash balance, sale of shopping vouchers and issue of the gift coupons and refunds to customers Franchisee must pay initial fee and percentage of salesThere should be a monthly regular meeting of the management and an annual regular meeting of the management with the franchisees with regards to update reports for the business Marketing: Advertise supermarket through local newspapers, brochures/billboards/posters Advertise through local radio ad Offer discount coupon Can offer weekly sales discount Operations: Open12-hours a day from Mondays to Sundays Tight security Inventory Control Acceptance of goodsTo enhance accountability, the staff responsible should be required to inspect and count goods/food items upon delivery against the quantity specified in the delivery note, cross-referencing the relevant purchase orders if any, and to certify acceptance. There should be a procedure for staff to record defective or short delivered goods or food items and to follow up promptly with the supply department or the supplier direct. The types and quality of food or goods to be replenished directly by the concession counter staff should be subject to checks before sale. Random supervisory checks should be conduct ed on the quality and quantity of accepted food or goods, especially those of high value. Ordering and Delivering StockStandard requisition form, preferably in an electronic format to facilitate electronic data interchange between the operator and the supplier or sending of electronic fax, should be used to provide an audit trail. The form should show details such as the description, quantity and place of origin of the goods/food items required, the agreed price, the delivery address, the expected date of delivery, the name of the requesting person, and the approval authority as appriate.Phone orders should be confirmed in writing afterwards. Any deviations should be approved by the appropriate authorities. Extension of the lead time should be justified and approved by senior staff Over-deliveries or short-deliveries should normally not be accepted unless justified and authorized Suppliers’ performance in stock delivery should be appraised Finance:Conduct inventory Generate d aily and periodical sales and receipt reports Cash Handling To prevent manipulation, the following control measures are recommended: The guidelines on hadling of cash should set the maximum amount of cash flow per day for each store, the banking frequency, and the requirement for daily cash position reports Notes handling procedures should specify, among others, the bank notes, to be tested using a money tester by a sales assistant and notes by a store supervisor CCTV with tape recording  facilities could be installed to monitor cash handling at the cashier counters if necessary Responsible staff member at the appropriate level should be designated to conduct day-end reconciliation of electronic sales records against the cash in hand and to make spot checks on other operational activities daily at random Compliance with cash collection security requirements by staff responsible should be subject to supervisory and audit checksHandling of Credit Card informationBriefing sessions ma y be arranged for staff to raise their awareness of the criminality of such activities and the company’s disciplinary action if such activities are discovered. Clear instructions should be given to staff on the handling of credit card transactions, e.g. requiring the handling staff to sign on the credit card payment slips to hold them accountable for the transactions Effective security measures should be adopted to minimize the risk of information leakage, e.g. to keep the credit card payment slips in a secure place with restricted access. Staff should be informed of the channels for reporting approaches by criminal syndicates and incidents of suspected corrupt practicesInternal AuditSales and accounting operations should be subject to internal audit. Human Resources Employees work in 2 shifting schedules Conduct training for employees Bereavement LeaveAn excused paid absence of up to 3 days for missed work time will be granted for purposes of arranging, attending and resolvi ng personal matters with regard to a death in your immediate family. Your immediate family is defined as spouse, parents, grandparents, sons, daughters, sisters, brothers, stepparents, stepbrothers and stepsisters, mother-in-law and father-in-law. The company will also pay employees for time lost from work for up to one day for relatives beyond the definition of immediate family. The company may allow an unpaid leave of absence for up to two weeks to be taken in connection with the death of a relative or close friend. Such absences must have the prior approval of the employee’s supervisor and managementDress CodeProper attire is expected for all employees Employees who do not meet the standards for appropriate business atture should be counselled by their supervisors and may be sent home to change. It is the supervisor’s responsibility to ensure that his or her staff presents a professional appearance.Equal Employment OpportunityIt is the policy of Employer Name to pro vide equal opportunity in employment to qualified individuals regardless of race, color, reigion, age, sex, marital status, national origin, ancestry, physical or mental disability, sexual orientation, genetic information, or any other legally protected class in accordance with all applicable laws.Inclement WeatherThe company maintains the policy of remaining open during bad weather, unless the severity of conditions and/or municipal or state government rulings close the office. If operations are canceled after a shift has started, hourly employees will be paid for the time worked, or two hours minimum, whichever is greaterMoonlightingOutside employement must not be engaged in during the employee’s regularly scheduled working hours. The use of the company’s supplies, equipment, telephone, materials, and personnel is prohibited.Open Door PolicyThe management recognize the accumulation of unspoken, unanswered problems, complaints and questions. It is everyone’s ad vantage to bring these matters out in the open.OvertimeIt may be necessary at times to ask the employees to work beyond their regularly scheduled hours. Overtime will be paid at the rate of time and one-half the hourly rate for all hours worked in excess of 40 hours in any one week. With the exception of holiday pay, hours paid but not worked, such as personal itme, jury duty, bereavement pay, etc., will not be considered timeworked for the basis of computing overtime. The management will make every effort to distribute overtime fairly and equitably.The selection of who is to work is based primarily on the job experience and ability to handle the work that needs to be done, and on seniority, one’s productivity  and job performance. There is no guarantee of overtime work, and employee are cautioned to not become financially dependent upon it. Anyone working unauthorized overtime will be subject to discipline.Workplace Threas and ViolenceAny person who makes threats, exhibits threatening behaviour, or engages in violent acts on company property shall be removed from the premises as quickly as safety permits, and shall remain off company premises pending the outcome of an investigation. XII.Management Lessons Learned from the caseIn every company established, growth must be sought after. Big things come from small beginnings. Just like Kem Chicks, they may have earned income initially and started good yet Bob has never stopped expanding his business. We shall see not only what’s inside our company but also what’s happening outside. Almost all businesses have competitors; competitors whom we need to compete with. Jakarta has a growing population which meant more demand. We can’t just let our competitors benefit from them while we stay like the old times, watching our opponents beginning to climb and then eventually stay at the same level we are in. Who can miss the need for a bookkeeper?Money, as one of the essentials in a business sh all be handled properly. Accountants play a crucial role in today’s establishments. It’s possible that a company may gain success even we have poor systems (as we have observed from Kem Chicks itself), yet we know that we cannot stay like that forever. Every organization shall be organized—that’s why it’s called an organization. There shall be positions filled with the right personnel, with the right ability. Employees potential shall be carefully studied and continually improved. People who work for us are indispensable. Without them, we may be limited.We shall care for them, the same way they care for us; just like how Bob valued his relationship with his workers and how he took care of them. Of course, the group has also learned about franchising and investment risks. It’s not just the expansion that we care for but also what it may do for our company. We are reminded to take care of our product. Company name may be copied over multiplied outlets, but if the product quality and employee morale are not retained, this could destroy a company’s reputation and may start its ruins.We cannot say that we love our company if we don’t  love every bit of it. When we love something, we care for its growth, we care for how it is being managed and we consider the hazards it may go through. Life is not a matter of chances, it’s a matter of choice.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Glass essays

Glass essays Glass is a material that is used in our homes, workplaces, and forms of transportation. It is most commonly seen in the form of windows, which protects us against the elements without obstructing our vision. In our vehicles, we use it to see places that we would normally have to turn around to see. In eyeglasses and contact lenses it allows us to see better. It conducts heat easily, but does not conduct electricity at all. It is also used for decoration such as vases, clocks, mirrors, and even stained glass. Glass is commonly referred to as a highly viscous liquid. It is not a solid because its molecules arent in a crystalline pattern. Instead, the particles are arranged as if it were a liquid, but frozen in place. It can be transparent, translucent, or opaque. It is non-porous, non-absorptive, and can be used with the common elements and many harsh chemicals and liquids. It is one of the best electrical insulation materials, and because it is made of silica or contains it, it is considered a ceramic. It is also considered a thermoplastic in some cases because it can melt when heated and reform when cooled over again. First appearing in nature, glass existed before man discovered it. A common natural glass is obsidian, the molten glass from volcanoes. Obsidian is composed of three ingredients; sand, soda, and lime. The same ingredients in different amounts also make up manufactured glass. About fifty other chemical elements are used in modern glassmaking to give it desired properties. Glass is an open chain of silicon atoms with atoms of various oxides occupying the spaces between. The loose structure is what permits its transparent property. Today, the average batch mix used to manufacture flat glass products is about seventy percent silica sand, thirteen percent lime, twelve percent soda, and small amounts of other additives. One quarter of the batch is cleaned and crushed glass from ...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Black Panther Party essays

Black Panther Party essays In 1966, the national Black Panther party was created. Their platform and it's ideals struck a chord with blacks across the country, especially in the inner cities of the north. The Panthers were able to organize and unite these blacks. This alarmed the federal government. They instituted many controversial, illegal programs of harassment, infiltration, and instigation, which led to the deaths of many Panthers. From their inception, the Black Panthers were treated with disdain and contempt. The Panthers wrote out a platform called "What We Want, What We Believe." Their ideas and methods appealed greatly to blacks. The past few years had seen the civil rights struggle rise, and had left many blacks with the feeling that not enough was being accomplished. Many Blacks shared the view of the Panthers in that violence was needed to defend themselves until true equality could be achieved. Aside from being militant, the Panthers did things that helped the community. They set up break fast, and helped people to clean up their neighborhoods. The Black Panthers gave many urban black communities a sense of unity and identity that they hadn't had before. The Panther's rhetoric of violence alarmed the government. In March of 1968, the Panther newspaper printed this warning to police, "Halt in the name of humanity! You shall make no more war on unarmed people. You will not kill another black person and walk on the streets of the black community to gloat about it and sneer at the defenseless relatives of your victims. From now on, when you murder a black person in this Babylon or Babylons, you may as well give it up because we will get your ass and God can't hide you."1 This gave the government cause for alarm, and they stepped up their "efforts" accordingly. The government went through great lengths to keep up the status quo. They began campaigns of disinformation against the Panthers i...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

The Roman King L. Tarquinius Priscus According to Livy

The Roman King L. Tarquinius Priscus According to Livy Like the reigns of the kings of Rome who preceded L. Tarquinius Priscus (Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullius Ostilius, and Ancus Marcius), and those who followed him (Servius Tullius, and L. Tarquinius Superbus), the reign of the Roman King L. Tarquinius Priscus is shrouded in legend. The Story of Tarquinius Priscus According to Livy An Ambitious CoupleProud Tanaquil, born to one of the foremost  Etruscan families in Tarquinii (an Etrurian city northwest of Rome) was unhappy with her rich husband, Lucumo not with her husband as a man, but with his social status. On his mothers side, Lucumo was Etruscan, but he was also the son of a foreigner, a Corinthian noble and refugee named Demaratus. Lucumo agreed with Tanaquil that their social status would be enhanced if they moved to a new city, like Rome, where social status wasnt yet measured by genealogy. Their plans for the future seemed to have divine blessing or so thought Tanaquil, a woman trained in at least rudimentary arts of Etruscan divination,* for she interpreted the omen of an eagle swooping down to place a cap on Lucumos head as the gods selection of her husband as a king. Upon entering the city of Rome, Lucumo took the name of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. His wealth and behavior won Tarquin important friends, including the king, Ancus, who, in his will, appointed Tarquin guardian of his children. Ancus ruled for twenty-four years, during which time his sons almost grew up. After Ancus died, Tarquin, acting as a guardian, sent the boys on a hunting trip, leaving him free to canvass for votes. Successful, Tarquin persuaded the people of Rome that he was the best choice for king. * According to Iain McDougall, this is the only truly Etruscan trait Livy mentions in connection with Tanaquil. Divination was a mans occupation, but women could have learned certain common basic signs. Tanaquil may otherwise be viewed as a woman of the Augustan age. The Legacy of L. Tarquinius Priscus - Part ITo garner political support, Tarquin created 100 new senators. Then he waged war against the Latins. He took their town of Apiolae and, in honor of the victory, started the Ludi Romani (Roman Games), which consisted of boxing and horse racing. Tarquin marked out for the Games the spot that became the Circus Maximus. He also established viewing spots, or fori (forum), for the patricians and knights. ExpansionThe Sabines soon attacked Rome. The first battle ended in a draw, but after Tarquin increased the Roman cavalry he defeated the Sabines and forced an unequivocal surrender of Collatia. The king asked, Have you been sent as envoys and commissioners by the people of Collatia to make the surrender of yourselves and the people of Collatia? We have. And is the people of Collatia an independent people? It is. Do you surrender into my power and that of the People of Rome yourselves, and the people of Collatia, your city, lands, water, boundaries, temples, sacred vessels all things divine and human? We do surrender them. Then I accept them.Livy Book I Chapter: 38 Soon he set his sights on Latium. One by one, the towns capitulated. The Legacy of L. Tarquinius Priscus - Part IIEven before the Sabine War, he had started to fortify Rome with a stone wall, Now that he was at peace he continued. In areas where water couldnt drain he built drainage systems to empty into the Tiber. Son-in-lawTanaquil interpreted another omen for her husband. A boy who may have been a slave was sleeping when flames surrounded his head. Instead of dousing him with water, she insisted he be left untouched until he woke of his own accord. When he did, the flames disappeared. Tanaquil told her husband that the boy, Servius Tullius would be a light to us in trouble and perplexity, and a protection to our tottering house. From then on, Servius was raised as their own and in time was given Tarquins daughter as wife a sure sign that he was the preferred successor. This angered the sons of Ancus. They figured the odds of their winning the throne were greater if Tarquin were dead than Servius, so they devised and carried out Tarquins assassination. With Tarquin dead from an ax through the head, Tanaquil devised a plan. She would deny to the public that her husband was mortally wounded while Servius would carry on as the king pro-temp, pretending to consult with Tarquin on various issues. This plan worked for a while. In time, word spread of Tarquins death. However, by this time Servius was already in control. Servius was the first king of Rome who was not elected. Kings of Rome 753-715 Romulus715-673 Numa Pompilius673-642 Tullus Hostilius642-617 Ancus Marcius616-579 L. Tarquinius Priscus578-535 Servius Tullius (Reforms)534-510 L. Tarquinius Superbus

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Wind turbines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Wind turbines - Research Paper Example The concept and the technology of wind turbine is not a new one and it has existed for hundreds of years. The existence of wind turbines can be traced back to the period of 200 BC when this technology was recognized as a windmill and was used in the region of Persia (Fraenkel, 2006, p.212). The first ever wind turbine was named as the wind wheel that was developed by an individual who belonged to the field of mathematics and engineering. But the first ever wind turbine that existed in operational condition was developed in the region of Sistan during the period of 7th century (Fraenkel, 2006, p.212). After more than 5 centuries later the first ever windmill or wind turbine was utilized in the region of England and by the period of 14th century these windmills were witnessed as being used to drain the regions of Rhine Delta (Northrop, 2013, p.143). The first ever wind turbine that was used for the purpose of generation of electricity was during the period of 1887 when James Blyth used the technology in order to provide electricity for his holiday home and after a small period of time the first ever wind turbine that operated automatically without battery was developed by Charles F. Brush and this development helped in providing energy for the region of Ohio (Northrop, 2013, p.143). 13 years later these technological devices were used in the region of Denmark for the production of around 30 MW of electric energy. By the period of 1908, United States had even adopted this technology and had installed 72 generators of electricity that were producing electricity with the assistance of wind turbines. 22 years later these electricity producing devices were most commonly in use within the farms of the region of United States to produce energy (Northrop, 2013, p.143). The wind turbines that are available in the present day society, which is made up of horizontal-axis wind generators were developed and

Friday, October 18, 2019

Find 4 examples of failure due to creep that are relevant to the Essay

Find 4 examples of failure due to creep that are relevant to the transport industries - Essay Example The spring was subjected to the vehicle’s weight and initially underwent plastic deformation as the strain became higher. The strain rate reduces with time and levels out. Under effects of its operating environment (on average 480Â °K), the strain rate increased exponentially leading the spring to fracture. The spring actually failed at the third stage of creep failure. The melting point of the material is 265Â ° C (538Â °K) as noted by Turner (2001) and McCrum, Buckley, and Bucknall (2003). The ratio of operating temperature to melting point is 0.89. 2. Steam Pipe Failure The steam pipe of a locomotive failed as a result of creep in Uganda. The material used for making the steam pipes was austenitic steel. The working temperature of the tubes was set at about 6000C (873Â °K) and was subjected to high pressures, about 24.1MPa. The steam pipe burst as a result of creep failure leading to the emission of steam in the environment. Given that working temperature at time of bur st was about 830Â °K, the ratio of operating temperature to melting point is 0.95. 3. Aero Engine Turbine Blade Failure The turbine blade for a fighter plane was fractured as a result of creep failure (Tauqir & Khan 2002).

Mutual Funds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mutual Funds - Essay Example similarly we can outline the concept of bonds. Bonds gives people chance to lend our money to the government or a company. We receive interest and principle back over pre-determined amount of time. We can say that bonds are the most common lending investments traded on the market. Other than shares and bonds there are other types of investments like real estate and precious metals but it is generally perceived that mutual funds mostly invest in stocks and bonds. Many definitions have written by people but essentially all dwell upon the same idea regarding its concept. So a mutual fund can be defined as a financial intermediary that allows a certain group of investors to pool their money together with a pre-determined investment objective. Here in mutual fund there exists a fund manager who trades the fund's underlying securities. He then can realize capital gains or loss and then collects the dividend. Whenever we invest in a mutual fund, we are buying shares of the mutual fund and thus in the process becoming a shareholder of the fund. After the dividend income is found, the investment proceeds are then passed to the individual investors. We then calculate the value of the share of the mutual fund which is known as net asset value. ... ies we can say that it is one of three types of investment companies in the United States and outside United States & Canada mutual fund can termed as generic word for various types of collective investments. Types of Mutual Funds There exist few common types of mutual funds and they are outlined as follows: Money Market funds, fixed income funds, equity funds or growth funds, balanced funds, global funds, specialty funds and index funds. Lets describe each of them briefly so as the understand the whole concept clearly. Monet Market Funds: These are generally perceived as low risk funds offering low returns. These are a type of mutual funds that invest in a short term debt securities of agencies like banks U.S Treasury bills. They have advantages of being widely used, low risk and highly liquid in nature. Fixed income funds It is a type of mutual funds which invest in debt securities like bonds and mortgages. The main goal is to provide the investors with regular income with low risk. Here in this type fund values fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates Equity Funds Equity funds are also called as growth funds. It invests primarily in common shares. The goal is to have long term growth because the value of the assets held usually increase over time. Some funds focus on blue chip companies and others on smaller companies. Balanced Funds It invests in a balanced portfolio of equities, debt securities with the goal of providing reasonable returns with low to moderate risk Global and foreign funds It is a type of mutual fund which may be fixed income or growth or balanced funds and which invest in foreign securities. Specialty funds It is a type of mutual fund which invests primarily in a specific geographic location or a specific

The relationship between the live and the recorded, or the original Essay

The relationship between the live and the recorded, or the original and the copy, as they are exhibited or explored in a work of performance, film, music or visual art - Essay Example According to the contemporary theory, the performances generally depend upon the synthesis of the live or the recorded version. If there is the rivalry or competition or oppositeness between them, then these two versions can take place in a particular arena sort. It will help the critiques to judge and examine the Vetter mode of performance depending upon the power of each and every aspect. Moreover, quality of a mode generally plays a significant role that help to enhance the quality of performance. This can destroyed by the interaction of these tow mode of work performances. Several characteristics of the recorded and live version have parallel relation or similarities. The connection or integration of these two aspects can diminish or exploit the subtler differences between them. Moreover, several social and communal issues can rise due to the integration of the versions. According to Patrice Pavis (2000), certain artistic motive for the stage video or music performance can be app lied to use any of the existing recorded media. These things generally include the redirection of the emphasizing and attention to the contrast between the living actor, stage environment and stimulations of several audiences of representation and fiction. Sontag has argued that, the utilization of film in the live performance is generally stereotyped version. It has been restricted the fantastic scenes or the dream sequence type moments. These arguments and several academic statements suggest that, there are several

Thursday, October 17, 2019

An Analytical Report of Tesco PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

An Analytical Report of Tesco PLC - Essay Example .................................................14 Introduction This paper is an analytical report of the strategic structures and marketing systems of a given organisation. The paper therefore focuses on Tesco PLC, a UK based international grocery company. The paper examines some important components of Tesco's business structures and leadership structures. In analysing the components of Tesco, the following objectives will be sought to be attained in the study: 1. The core vision, mission and strategic systems of Tesco PLC 2. The marketing and operational systems for the realization of Tesco's strategic plans. 3. An examination of the human resource, and supply chain systems that link Tesco PLC to its external environment The paper will involve a careful analysis of information taken from various sources that are relevant to Tesco's activities and expansion over the past nine decades that it has existed. The research will focus on some primary sources like the Tesco Annual Report of 2011. The paper also draws insights from the Tesco Website about various elements of the organisation. Additionally, secondary sources like books and journals are used to provide a deep insight into the company. The primary focus of the paper is on the UK operations of Tesco. However, where necessary, the research will cover aspects of Tesco's international operations to give a better insight into trends and ideas of the company. 1.0 Elements of Tesco PLC's Strategic Background Strategy is defined by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington as the â€Å"long-term organisationwide plan for a corporate entity that is set by the top level management† (2005). In this context, organisational strategy is a body of plans that are made by an organisation to meet the fundamental objectives of the... The primary focus of the paper is on the UK operations of Tesco. However, where necessary, the research will cover aspects of Tesco's international operations to give a better insight into trends and ideas of the company. This paper makes a conclusion that Tesco is a leading chain of retail shops that has its headquarters in the UK and branches around the world. Tesco has a vision of providing grocery and every day products and services to consumers and households. Tesco began modestly in 1919 as a sole proprietorship but evolved to become a private company and a UK public company. In the 1990s, Tesco embarked on an internationalisation strategy and utilised e-commerce. Tesco is now a multi-billion pound global business that has outlets around the globe. Tesco is run by a board of directors and supported by the CEO who has other officers under him. The CEO and officers' structure is duplicated in regions around the world. Tesco's marketing systems are based on the use of convenient outlets to sell high quality products at low costs to consumers. It has an enhanced brand image. Tesco maintains a personalised recruitment and selection process as well as an intensive training system. The supply chain man agement ensures that there are strategic distribution centres around the country and these centres use real-time communication tools and systems to ensure that stock levels are monitored and replenished on time.

Small Business Entrepreneurship Assignment Essay

Small Business Entrepreneurship Assignment - Essay Example Source: Sofat & Hiro Q1b: What benefits, other than more capital, would a partner bring? If two or more individuals share capital in a business, it is recognised as a partnership. Partnership appears to be a beneficial for small businesses because it is the simplest form of business and the partners share the profits and loss of the company. In a start-up business, the risk of failure of business is high therefore, by sharing capital both partners share profit and loss, thereby, having less money at risk. In other words, the partners have the shared financial commitment. Second, the expertise and skills of the partner can improve the operational and financial performance of business. Third, partners have to fulfil very few legal formalities because these enterprises do not have legal status however, they need to have licences. Q1c: In 1996 Finch said ‘if I become your partner, we must have a written agreement –it’s illegal not to’. What are your views on th is? In a partnership business, the partners are not legally bound to undergo any legal agreement however, creating written agreements in partnership is important because of a number of reasons. Through a written agreements the two partners could have define the responsibilities and essential terms of the contract and in the case of any conflict between them, the written agreement could help them to resolve the issue. Therefore, in my opinion, the idea of Finch to make the written agreement is a good suggestion however, saying that its illegal not to have the written agreement is not right because in the legal framework of formation of a company in the UK, no legal agreements are required for the General Partnerships because these enterprises do not have a legal status. What advantages would there be in becoming a private limited company rather than taking on more partners? Rather than taking on more partners, become a private limited company has been advantageous for the company bec ause a private limited company has a legal identity. The business owns the property and assets of the company and unlike partnership assets and property are not owned by the partners. The partners are personally liable if a partnership business fails however, in a private limited company, the liability of the shareholders is only limited to the share they have in the shared capital. It means that if a partnership fails, the partners would be personally liable to sell their assets to pay off the loans and borrowings whereas, in the private limited company, the assets of the company would be sold. In other words, the personal assets of the shareholders or the director of the company cannot be used to pay off the loans and debts in a private limited company (Forma Company). Moreover, in a partner if more partners are added, the chances of conflicts and issues are increased whereas, in a private limited company shareholders are bound by the legal agreements and they have limited liabili ties which reduce the chances of conflicts. Q2a: In the case study it was said that the company ‘went public’. What effect would this have on the company’s name? The change in the company from a private limited company to a public company would have brought various benefits to the company. First, the value and recognition of the company would have increased because company got listed on the stock exchange which would have made it popular in the

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

An Analytical Report of Tesco PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

An Analytical Report of Tesco PLC - Essay Example .................................................14 Introduction This paper is an analytical report of the strategic structures and marketing systems of a given organisation. The paper therefore focuses on Tesco PLC, a UK based international grocery company. The paper examines some important components of Tesco's business structures and leadership structures. In analysing the components of Tesco, the following objectives will be sought to be attained in the study: 1. The core vision, mission and strategic systems of Tesco PLC 2. The marketing and operational systems for the realization of Tesco's strategic plans. 3. An examination of the human resource, and supply chain systems that link Tesco PLC to its external environment The paper will involve a careful analysis of information taken from various sources that are relevant to Tesco's activities and expansion over the past nine decades that it has existed. The research will focus on some primary sources like the Tesco Annual Report of 2011. The paper also draws insights from the Tesco Website about various elements of the organisation. Additionally, secondary sources like books and journals are used to provide a deep insight into the company. The primary focus of the paper is on the UK operations of Tesco. However, where necessary, the research will cover aspects of Tesco's international operations to give a better insight into trends and ideas of the company. 1.0 Elements of Tesco PLC's Strategic Background Strategy is defined by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington as the â€Å"long-term organisationwide plan for a corporate entity that is set by the top level management† (2005). In this context, organisational strategy is a body of plans that are made by an organisation to meet the fundamental objectives of the... The primary focus of the paper is on the UK operations of Tesco. However, where necessary, the research will cover aspects of Tesco's international operations to give a better insight into trends and ideas of the company. This paper makes a conclusion that Tesco is a leading chain of retail shops that has its headquarters in the UK and branches around the world. Tesco has a vision of providing grocery and every day products and services to consumers and households. Tesco began modestly in 1919 as a sole proprietorship but evolved to become a private company and a UK public company. In the 1990s, Tesco embarked on an internationalisation strategy and utilised e-commerce. Tesco is now a multi-billion pound global business that has outlets around the globe. Tesco is run by a board of directors and supported by the CEO who has other officers under him. The CEO and officers' structure is duplicated in regions around the world. Tesco's marketing systems are based on the use of convenient outlets to sell high quality products at low costs to consumers. It has an enhanced brand image. Tesco maintains a personalised recruitment and selection process as well as an intensive training system. The supply chain man agement ensures that there are strategic distribution centres around the country and these centres use real-time communication tools and systems to ensure that stock levels are monitored and replenished on time.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

AS OCR Biology Planning Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AS OCR Biology Planning Exercise - Essay Example The blue indicator will go colourless in the presence of active enzymes, therefore indicating living cells are present and are respiring. Reagents: 10% suspension of yeast – in the instructions we were told we could use either dried/fresh baker’s yeast. I will use fresh baker’s yeast due to possible problems with dried baker’s yeast e.g. clumping into grains so harder to count due to dehydration. c. Prepare water bath at 20, 40, 60 and 80Â °C (Independent variables). It’s better to raise the temperature of the water baths gradually as a rapid increase can overwhelm the enzymes and denature them, meaning unreliable results. a. Take 1ml of the yeast solution from each test tube. Transfer the sample to ice bath. The purpose is to reduce the metabolism and reproduction of the yeast but keep them alive. Drop 1 ml of methylene blue respectively and wait for 30 seconds. (Do the same to the control and identify the existence of yeast in the glucose solution.) All of the above procedures were used in my preliminary and the difficulty I found was in counting the yeast cells as accurately as possible with using the microscope. I later discovered another piece of equipment could have been used to measure the total number of cells, called a haemocytometer. I obtained the following results: What the trend shows is that as temperature increases the % of Yeast cells that remain active decrease. Therefore we say the two values are inversely proportional. From the point the temperature reaches 40Â °C there is a rapid drop in Yeast viability as the enzymes become denatured and the high temperatures interefere with the shapes of the active sites. So what I can conclude is that the tempertature of interest for the main investigation is between 40Â ºC to 50Â ºC. Therefore for the main experiment I can can separate the temperature into groups: 40-42, 42-44, 44-46, 46-48, 48-50. I can therefore